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Mahjong, also known as mah-jongg, is a tile-based game that originated in China during the 19th century and has since gained worldwide popularity, particularly in East and Southeast Asia. It is commonly played by four participants, although some regions, such as parts of China, Japan, South Korea, and Southeast Asia, have variations for three players. This game, and its regional adaptations, has also found a significant presence in Western countries and has become a widely enjoyed online pastime. Mahjong is a skillful, strategic, and luck-driven game, somewhat akin to the Western card game rummy. To differentiate it from mahjong solitaire, it is sometimes referred to as mahjong rummy.

The game employs a set of 144 tiles adorned with Chinese characters and symbols, although certain regional variations may omit or introduce unique tiles. In most versions, each player starts with 13 tiles and takes turns drawing and discarding tiles in their quest to create a valid hand, consisting of four melds (sets) and a pair (eye), typically using the 14th drawn tile. Special hands can also lead to victory. While numerous mahjong variants exist, they share fundamental rules concerning the drawing and discarding of tiles, the utilization of suits (numbered tiles) and honors (winds and dragons), the types of allowed melds, tile dealing, and turn order. Beyond these core rules, regional variations introduce distinct criteria for valid melds, winning hands, diverse scoring systems, and additional intricate rules. Players may even establish their own house rules, which can significantly alter the gameplay experience.

Etymology:

Originally, the game was named 麻雀 (pinyin: máquè; Jyutping: maa4 zoek3-2), which translates to "sparrow." This name, still used in several Chinese dialects, particularly in the southern regions like Cantonese and Hokkien, is believed to stem from the sound of tiles shuffling, resembling sparrows chattering. Some suggest that the name evolved from an earlier card game called Madiao, from which mahjong tiles were adapted. In other languages, such as Sichuanese, Shanghainese, and Standard Mandarin, the game is now known as 麻將 (májiàng), which is a nasal erhua variation of the original name. Its name is similar in other languages, except in Thai, where it is called "phai nok krachok," signifying "sparrow cards."

Mahjong exists in numerous versions, characterized by varying rules and tile sets. "Old Hong Kong mahjong" adheres to the fundamental features and rules shared by most mahjong variations. This version employs the entire set of 144 tiles from the commonly available sets, avoids complex and exotic rules, and encompasses a relatively limited assortment of scoring sets/hands, all within a straightforward scoring system. 

Due to its simplicity and adherence to standard rules, Hong Kong mahjong serves as an ideal introduction to mahjong gameplay, and this article primarily focuses on this variation. A standard set of 144 mahjong tiles is used, with some sets incorporating counters for scoring, dice for determining the dealer's role and dealing order, and a marker to indicate the current dealer and round. Some sets may include racks to hold the tiles, especially if the tiles are larger or smaller than the standard size or possess an unconventional shape. Mahjong sets originating from the United States, Japan, or Southeast Asia may contain extra tiles or special markings.